Solutions Stripped has 7 entries with similar clues
- 4-letter words
- hulkAn old ship stripped off furnishings and permanently moored
- 5-letter words
- nakedStripped to the buff
- 6-letter words
- flayedStripped the skin of a body
- 8-letter words
- portaloodoorway and door stripped off for temporary convenience
- 11-letter words
- boxersorbfsStripped-down choice for men?
- be-shorn-ofBe stripped of
- 23-letter words
- not-wearing-any-clothesStripped to the buff